Genetic determination and JARID2 over- expression in a thermal incubation experiment in Casque-Headed Lizard

Abstract

Non-avian reptiles, unlike mammals and birds, have undergone numerous sex determina- tion changes. Casque-Headed Lizards have replaced the ancestral XY system shared across pleurodonts with a new pair of XY chromosomes. However, the evolutionary forces that triggered this transition have remained unclear. An interesting hypothesis suggests that species with intermediate states, with sex chromosomes but also thermal-induced sex reversal at specific incubation temperatures, could be more susceptible to sex determination turnovers. We contrasted genotypic data (presence/absence of the Y chromosome) against the histology of gonads of embryos from stages 35–37 incubated at various temperatures, including typical male-producing (26 ̊C) and female-producing (32 ̊C) temperatures. Our work apparently reports for the first time the histology of gonads, including morphological changes, from stages 35–37 of development in the family Corytophanidae. We also observed that all embryos developed hemipenes, suggesting sex-linked developmental het- erochrony. We observed perfect concordance between genotype and phenotype at all tem- peratures. However, analysis of transcriptomic data from embryos incubated at 26 ̊C and 32 ̊C identified transcript variants of the chromatin modifiers JARID2 and KDM6B that have been linked to temperature-dependent sex determination in other reptiles. Our work tested the validity of a mixed sex determination system in the family Corytophanidae. We found that XY chromosomes are dominant; however, our work supports the hypothesis of a con- served transcriptional response to incubation temperatures across non-avian reptiles that could be a reminiscence of an ancestral sex determination system.